ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. (AP) - Joleen Valencia resisted the temptation to count her days to freedom, knowing that tracking the time only worsened the anxiety of serving a two-year drug-trafficking sentence inside a New Mexico prison.
After her sentence started in the spring of 2015, she wanted nothing more than to return to her family's home amid mesas on a reservation north of Albuquerque and stay clean after recovering from a heroin addiction. Especially after her mother died and granddaughter had been born.
However, rather than agonize, she kept busy, working daily dishwashing shifts to earn 10 cents an hour and eventually enough "good time" for a new parole date: July 13, 2016.
"They would tell you, don't count your days, because it's going to make it hard," Valencia, 50, said. However, she couldn't resist as her parole date neared, making it all the more frustrating when the day came and went.
For three more months, Valencia remained incarcerated, one of more than 1,000 inmates identified in New Mexico Corrections Department documents as serving what's known as "in-house parole."
An expensive and long-running problem, it routinely has resulted in corrections officials holding inmates for all or part of their parole terms - often because they are unable to find or afford suitable housing outside prison. Sometimes, missing paperwork or administrative backlogs also can rob them of the freedom they've earned.
The problem of in-house parole isn't unique to New Mexico. Numerous states have histories of holding inmates past their expected parole dates, with some responding to the issue with reforms.
However, in New Mexico, the problem persists despite efforts to address it. In an email, Mahesh Sita, a corrections spokesman, said reducing the number of release-eligible inmates - the department's term for those on in-house parole - is a priority, despite figures showing a struggle to overcome the problem.
A review of state data obtained through public records requests found there were 165 inmates on in-house parole at the start of the fiscal year beginning July 1, amounting to slightly more than the average monthly total since January 2014.
Overall, an analysis of the data found the state spent an estimated $10.6 million to incarcerate the thousand inmates who found themselves in the most recent fiscal year on in-house parole - a status some on the list had for years.
"Imagine someone sitting there all those years thinking about that date," said Sheila Lewis, a defense attorney in Santa Fe and former director of the New Mexico Women's Justice Project.
"I think it's psychologically cruel to tell somebody that if you follow all the rules and you don't lose any of your good time, you'll be out in time for your son's graduation from high school and they look forward to it," she said. "And they miss it."
More than three years' worth of state documents showed the primary driving factor of in-house parole has been a shortage of housing and resources for felons, who must arrange for a place to live as a condition of their release on parole.
Their limited options include trying to pursue a coveted spot often paid for by a charity or the state at a residential treatment program. They can also apply for a bed at one of the state's privately operated halfway houses, which frequently require security deposits or other payment up front.
An average of three-dozen inmates approved for release by the parole board each month over a three-year period ending in mid-2017 remained incarcerated because they were awaiting a bed in a residential treatment program or halfway house.
Women, who comprised just more than 10 percent of the prison population, faced tougher odds in winning a timely release, with officials holding them on in-house parole at two and a half times the rate of men in the recent fiscal year.
Officials attributed this, in part, to a surge in women's incarceration rates overall and fewer community-based housing options for them as they prepare to re-enter society.
However, state documents and studies also show that other factors beyond housing have further complicated the problem, including administrative backlogs and incomplete parole files.
In the most extreme cases, offenders can spend their entire parole term behind bars, going from prisons directly to neighborhoods without the services or supervision that experts said can help with transitioning back into society.
The Corrections Department in the past has acknowledged this can pose a public safety problem. "Simply put, it is not in the interest of public safety," the department said in a 2016 blog for lawmakers.
Numerous inmates, like Valencia, saw their release dates come and go, often because prison caseworkers and parole officers, who are woefully understaffed, failed to prepare their parole plans for the parole board to review or fell behind in doing so.
The parole board, which operates independently of the Corrections Department, reviews inmates' appeals for release each month.
"They get scratched from the docket when we're missing paperwork," said Joann Martinez, the parole board's executive director. "If we don't have that for the parole board, the case can't move forward."
This report is part of the CJ Project, an initiative to broaden the news coverage of criminal justice issues affecting New Mexico's diverse communities, created by the Asian American Journalists Association with funding from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. For more information: www.aaja.org/cj-project