DEAR MAYO CLINIC: I am ready to start a family, but my doctor said that pregnancy may be high-risk for me because I have a heart condition. Can you explain how pregnancy affects the heart and what I can do to lower my risk for complications?
ANSWER: Pregnancy results in many changes that can increase the workload of the heart. During pregnancy, your blood volume increases by 30-50 percent to nourish your growing baby, your heart pumps more blood each minute and your heart rate increases. Rapid changes also occur during labor and delivery that affect the heart and further increase the workload. After delivery, it will take several weeks for your body to return to the prepregnancy state.
The increased workload during pregnancy and delivery can cause some complications. However, many women who have heart conditions deliver healthy babies. If you have a heart condition, you'll need special care during pregnancy to reduce the risk of complications to you and your baby.
Maternal cardiac disease complications occur in about 1-3 percent of all pregnancies. The risks depend on the nature and severity of your heart condition.
Consider these heart conditions:
Heart rhythm issues: Minor abnormalities in heart rhythm are common during pregnancy. They're not usually cause for concern. If you need treatment for an arrhythmia, you may be given medication. If you have a history of heart rhythm abnormalities prior to pregnancy and are taking a medication for that, you will need to discuss appropriate medications to use during pregnancy with your cardiologist. If you already have a pacemaker or a defibrillator, you still can have a healthy pregnancy.
Heart valve issues: Having a heart valve that does not function normally may complicate pregnancy, depending on the severity of the valve dysfunction. Severe narrowing of the opening of the valves, or stenosis, may not be well-tolerated during pregnancy. If you have a heart valve replaced with a mechanical valve, this poses a special problem during pregnancy because of the need for a medication to keep the valve from clotting. The medication taken by mouth to prevent valve clotting in patients with mechanical heart valves can affect the development of the baby and cause bleeding in the baby. In this circumstance, alternative blood thinners that are injected can be used during part of the pregnancy. This requires close follow-up with a specialist throughout pregnancy and delivery.
Congestive heart failure: Congestive heart failure occurs when the heart cannot function efficiently. If the heart cannot function efficiently before pregnancy, it will be difficult for the heart to meet the increased demands of pregnancy, and heart failure can worsen. This can lead to increased swelling, shortness of breath or exercise intolerance. In severe cases, a baby may not grow appropriately, resulting in early delivery.
Congenital heart defect: If you were born with a heart problem or a congenital heart issue, your baby has a greater risk of developing some type of heart defect, too. You also might be at risk for heart problems occurring during pregnancy, and of premature birth, depending on your specific heart defect.
Aortic aneurysm: Enlargement, or aneurysm, of the aorta in women of childbearing age usually is related to a genetic condition, such as Marfan syndrome or Loeys-Dietz syndrome. If you have one of these conditions, you may be at increased risk of further aortic dilatation or aortic complications, such a dissection during pregnancy and in the weeks after delivery. Managing these conditions during pregnancy may require imaging of the aorta at intervals during pregnancy to see if the size is changing, and a medication may be required to reduce stress on the aortic wall.
Before you try to conceive, you may want to schedule an appointment with a maternal cardiologist who is experienced in managing heart disease during pregnancy. This would be a specialist who would work in conjunction with the health care provider who will handle your pregnancy.
A maternal cardiologist will evaluate your current heart condition, discuss the risk of pregnancy specific to you and your condition, and make recommendations for treatment changes prior to pregnancy.
Certain heart conditions should be treated before pregnancy to make the pregnancy lower-risk. This can include heart surgery, for example, to treat a heart valve condition such as aortic stenosis. Pregnancy is high risk for women with high lung artery pressures, or pulmonary hypertension, or severely reduced heart function. In these cases, avoid pregnancy.
Also, the specialist can review any medication adjustments, as certain medication you take during pregnancy can affect your baby.
Certain medications used to treat heart conditions aren't used during pregnancy. Depending on the circumstances, your health care provider might adjust the dose or make a substitution and explain the risks involved. However, the benefits often outweigh the risks. If you need medication to control your heart condition, your health care provider can prescribe the safest medication at the most appropriate dose. It is important that throughout your pregnancy you take the medication exactly as prescribed. Don't stop taking the medication or adjust the dose on your own.
During pregnancy, you may be referred to an obstetrician who specializes in high-risk pregnancies. This provider is known as a maternal fetal medicine specialist. Depending on the circumstances, you also may be referred to a medical geneticist, a neonatologist and an obstetric anesthesiologist to help manage your pregnancy and delivery. Most women with heart conditions can and should deliver their baby vaginally. Cesarean delivery is reserved for obstetrical reasons and rare cardiac complications.