PARIS (AP) -- French authorities say an estimated 1.27 million people joined in Tuesday's nationwide protests against the government's planned pension reforms.
In a victory for unions fighting the planned raising of the retirement age, that figure exceeds the estimated 1 million who took part in a first round of protests Jan. 19.
The eight unions organizing the protests announced two more action days, on Feb. 7 and Feb. 11.
"In the face of massive rejection, the government must withdraw its reform," said Patricia Drevon of the Workers' Force union. She stood beside colleagues from the other unions in a rare show of solidarity.
The powerful CGT union claimed that 2.8 million protesters marched Tuesday.
The nationwide strikes and protests, even on tiny islands, are a crucial test both for President Emmanuel Macron and his opponents. The government says it is determined to push through Macron's key election pledge to reform France's pension system. And strong popular resentment would strengthen efforts by labor unions and left-wing legislators to block the bill, which would raise the retirement age from 62 to 64.
The overall peaceful Paris march was marred by scattered clashes between a small group of black-clad radicals and riot police, who fired tear gas at Les Invalides, site of Napoleon's tomb towards the end of the march that stretched across the city. Police reported 30 arrests.
Some 11,000 police were on duty for an estimated 250 protests nationwide.
"Today, the government is in a corner. It has only to withdraw its reform," Erik Meyer of the Sud Rail union -- one of eight which organized the march -- said on BFM TV.
Veteran left-wing leader Jean-Luc Mélenchon celebrated "a historic day" of protests and predicted defeat for Macron.
"It's not often that we see such a mass mobilization," he said, speaking in the southern city of Marseille. "It's a form of citizens' insurrection."
On the other hand, Macron on Monday defended the reform as "essential." His prime minister, Elisabeth Borne, insisted this past weekend that raising the retirement age to 64 is "no longer negotiable."
The protests were not limited to France's big cities. On Ouessant, a tiny western isle of some 800 people off the tip of Brittany, about 100 demonstrators gathered outside the office of Mayor Denis Palluel and marched, he said.
Palluel told the Associated Press the prospect of having to work longer alarmed mariners on the island with arduous ocean-going jobs.
"Retiring at a reasonable age is important, because life expectancy isn't very long," he said.
In addition to the protests, strikes disrupted services across France.
Rail operator SNCF said most train services were knocked out in the Paris region, in all other regions and on France's flagship high-speed network linking cities and major towns. The Paris Metro was also hard hit by station closures and cancellations.
Power workers also demonstrated their support for the strikes by temporarily reducing electricity supplies, without causing blackouts, power producer EDF said.
Jamila Sariac, 60, a civil servant, said the pension system should be left alone.
"Social protection is a milestone of our society, a milestone that the government wants to break," she said, adding that strikes would more effectively pressure the government than demonstrations. "We owe it to our elders who contributed to the wealth of France."
Construction worker Said Belaiba was among travelers whose morning train from Paris to the city of Lyon was cancelled, forcing him to wait. Still, the 62-year-old said he opposed the planned reform.
"My job is physically exhausting," he said. "You can't keep on over 64."
Strikes also hit schools, with the Education Ministry reporting that around one quarter of teachers stayed off the job -- fewer than in the first round of protests.
French media also reported walkouts in oil refineries. Radio station France Inter played music instead of its usual morning talk shows and apologized to its listeners because employees were striking.
Riot police officers take position near the Invalides monument after a demonstration against plans to push back France's retirement age, Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2023 in Paris. Labor unions aimed to mobilize more than 1 million demonstrators in what one veteran left-wing leader described as a "citizens' insurrection." The nationwide strikes and protests were a crucial test both for President Emmanuel Macron's government and its opponents. (AP Photo/Christophe Ena)
Demonstrators march during a demonstration against plans to push back France's retirement age, Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2023 in Paris. Labor unions aimed to mobilize more than 1 million demonstrators in what one veteran left-wing leader described as a "citizens' insurrection." The nationwide strikes and protests were a crucial test both for President Emmanuel Macron's government and its opponents. (AP Photo/Christophe Ena)
Riot police officers stand by a damaged bus stop after incidents during a demonstration against plans to push back France's retirement age, Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2023 in Paris. Labor unions aimed to mobilize more than 1 million demonstrators in what one veteran left-wing leader described as a "citizens' insurrection." The nationwide strikes and protests were a crucial test both for President Emmanuel Macron's government and its opponents. (AP Photo/Christophe Ena)
Demonstrators walk through flare smoke as they arrive near the Invalides monument during a demonstration against plans to push back France's retirement age, Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2023 in Paris. Demonstrators poured by the thousands into France's streets in the latest clash of wills with the government over its plans to raise the retirement age. Labor unions aimed to mobilize more than 1 million protesters in what one veteran left-wing leader described as a "citizens' insurrection." (AP Photo/Lewis Joly)
Demonstrators arrive at the Invalides monument during a demonstration against plans to push back France's retirement age, Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2023 in Paris. Demonstrators poured by the thousands into France's streets in the latest clash of wills with the government over its plans to raise the retirement age. Labor unions aimed to mobilize more than 1 million protesters in what one veteran left-wing leader described as a "citizens' insurrection."(AP Photo/Lewis Joly)
Protestors walk through flares smoke at the end of the demonstration against plans to push back France's retirement age, Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2023 in Paris. Labor unions aimed to mobilize more than 1 million demonstrators in what one veteran left-wing leader described as a "citizens' insurrection." The nationwide strikes and protests were a crucial test both for President Emmanuel Macron's government and its opponents. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)
Protestors end the demonstration against plans to push back France's retirement age, at the Invalides monument, Tuesday, Jan. 31, 2023 in Paris. Labor unions aimed to mobilize more than 1 million demonstrators in what one veteran left-wing leader described as a "citizens' insurrection." The nationwide strikes and protests were a crucial test both for President Emmanuel Macron's government and its opponents. (AP Photo/Thibault Camus)