Dozens of Thomas Jefferson's books, some including handwritten notes from the nation's third president, have been found in the rare books collection at Washington University in St. Louis.
Now, historians are pouring through the 69 newly discovered books and five others the school already knew about, and librarians are searching the collection for more volumes that may have belonged to the founding father.
Even if no other Jefferson-owned books are found, the school's collection of 74 books is the third largest in the nation after the Library of Congress and the University of Virginia.
"It is so out of the blue and pretty amazing," said Washington University's rare books curator Erin Davis of the discovery that was announced on President's Day.
The books were among about 3,000 that were donated to the school in 1880 after the death of Jefferson's granddaughter, Ellen Wayles Randolph Coolidge, and her husband, Joseph Coolidge.
There was no indication at the time that any of them had belonged to Jefferson. But it turns out that 21â„2 years after Jefferson's 1826 death, his library of 1,600 books was sold to settle debts. Ellen Coolidge's grandfather helped oversee her schooling when she lived at his mountaintop estate at Monticello from ages 13 to 28.
She was eager to acquire some of her grandfather's books, and her husband wrote her brother-in-law, Nicholas Trist, and told him what they wanted him to buy them at the auction. They were particularly interested in books that contained Jefferson's notes or other marks.
"My dear N. - I beg you to interest yourself in my behalf in relation to the books; remember that his library will not be sold again, and that all the memorials of T.J. for myself and children, and friends, must be secured now! - this is the last chance!" the letter reads.
Two researchers began searching for what became of the couple's library last year. One of the researchers, Ann Lucas Birle, was editing a book featuring Ellen Coolidge's travel diary; the other researcher, Endrina Tay, is creating a database of Jefferson's library. They knew many of the books the Coolidges' collection might hold because the letter given to Trist survives to this day as does an auction catalogue that Trist marked with the books he was able to purchase for his sister- and brother-in-law.
"These books that she wanted were books she knew and grew up with," Tay said.
The researchers' big break came in October, when they learned the Coolidges' daughter and son-in-law had a relationship with one of the founders of Washington University and donated the books to the school. At the time, the school was less than 30 years old, and the gift nearly doubled its library.
"I think it's quite significant they ended up in St. Louis," Tay said. "Jefferson was responsible for the Louisiana Purchase."
The school began pulling the books the researchers suggested and discovered the volumes contained Jefferson's distinctive ownership mark.
In the hand-pressed books that were common in Jefferson's day, printers would place the letters of the alphabet - called signatures - at the bottom of some pages so that when the books were bound, the pages would be placed in the correct order. One way Jefferson marked his books was to place a small "T" in front of one of the "I" signature, which was significant because "I" is "J" in the Latin alphabet. He also would place his initial "I" next to the "T" signature.
"It was a little bit of detective work," said Anne Posega, head of special collections at Washington University Libraries.
But she said it was well worth it.
"It gives you continuity to history, that these things are still around and teaching people about Jefferson," she said.
Jefferson scholars traveled to St. Louis last week and spent three days confirming the books had belonged to the former president. Never in their wildest dreams did the researchers think they would find the books in one place.
"I think the assumption was either they were with the family or dispersed," Tay said. "We are happy they were kept as a collection."
One of the most significant finds is an architectural book that Jefferson consulted when he designed the University of Virginia. Jefferson didn't write in his books as much as some of his contemporaries, but his handwriting is clearly visible in the book. In another book, they found a small scrap of paper with Greek notes in Jefferson's hand.
A few of the volumes have been placed on display, and the school is welcoming Jefferson scholars to review the newly discovered books. But the search is far from over.
The couple bought 15 other books from the auction that haven't been found in Washington University's holdings yet. The school also plans to search all the books from the Coolidges' library that were given to the school - not just those with ties to the auction - in case Jefferson gave books to his granddaughter and her husband before his death.
"We think we are going to find more treasures," Tay said.